Multi-asset ETFs could own cash, equities, various fixed income sub-asset classes, commodities, currencies, and cryptocurrencies. These might be physical or they could be derivatives such as futures or swaps. Extensive data coverage is needed to assemble and accurately price these sorts of baskets, and generate portfolio composition files that can be used to create and redeem ETF shares against their underlying holdings.
ETF inflows and outflows can indicate trends in investor behaviour as well as product launches and closures. ULTUMUS provides a monthly report breaking down assets, inflows and outflows by asset class, (equity, income, commodities, alternative, mixed, crypto, currency, futures); largest providers (eg iShares, Vanguard, SPDR, Invesco, Schwab, Firsttrust, JPMorgan, Dimensional, BMO, Proshares, Wisdomtree, Vaneck, Fidelity. Direxion Shares, GlobalX, GoldmanSachs, American Century, Pacer, Pimco, Flexshares, Xtrackers, Horizon, Ark, Innovator, and Franklin, in the Americas); asset class per provider; and largest ETFs (eg SPY, IVV, VOO, VTI, QQQ, VEA, VTV, IEFA, BND, VUG, AGG, VWO, IWF, IEMG, IJR, VIG, IJH, VXUS, GLD, IWM, VO, VGT, IWD, EFA, BNDX, in the Americas).
There are three separate reports for Americas, Europe and Asia. The reports are available to download every month.
Some asset managers have become ETF factories, churning out hundreds or thousands of their own ETFs within their own in house legal structure. Other asset managers (or simply research houses creating new indices) could act as advisers to a third party managed ETF, which might be a white label ETF platform that handles the legal, regulatory and operational aspects of establishing and running ETFs.
ETFs trade round the clock for two reasons. They can be listed on multiple exchanges in different time zones. And in some markets such as the US, pre-market and post-market trading on top of exchange opening hours mean that ETFs effectively trade 24 hours a day and 5 days a week.
Given that cryptocurrency markets are open and trading 24/7 on multiple platforms, in theory there should be a weekend market for crypto ETFs, though we have yet to see this.
ETF distribution(s) can mean distribution of dividends by an ETF, which we cover elsewhere [ link ].
ETF distribution also means making the product accessible to investors, by listing an ETF on more exchanges, often with more different currency share classes. And in some markets especially in Europe it can be important for the ETF to be a UCITS, or have other labels such as ESG scores. Certain products such as leveraged and inverse ETFS may need a risk flag, restricting them to investors who have signed a risk disclosure document and demonstrated some degree of sophistication in understanding the risks.
A specific focus of ETF distribution is distribution to the retail market, which can be direct to consumer (D2C); through online platforms; via digital advisers and “roboadvisers”, as well as through advisory and wealth managers. The model could be discretionary, where asset managers or platforms make the investment decisions or execution only, where the client makes their own decisions. Advisory can be a half way house between these, where clients receive some advice but make the decision themselves.
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